This chapter challenges the common ‘givens’ of education, and presents a case for a re-think on what it means to be educated, and how best to do that. Acknowledging that there are already many examples of good practice on which to build, we consider what students need to learn to have broad competencies in a rapidly changing world, teaching approaches that maintain optimal motivation and engagement, and the impact of the learning environment on all stakeholders, including students who challenge. The chapter emphasises the importance of positive practices and wellbeing at the heart of education, to ensure that every student sees themselves as valued, making progress, and having a sense of belonging. This includes strengths-based approaches. It argues for less’ teaching to test’ and more personalised and collaborative learning. During COVID-19 the multiple skills of teachers were given a new respect as families tried to support learning at home. Although the role of the teacher is likely to change over time, they remain vital facilitators of learning.
Professor Isaac Pilleltensky and Dr Sue Roffey in conversation about the second chapter of the book, on education. Following on from the Childhood discussion in Episode 1, they discuss what we need to change for an education system that is fit for purpose for the 21st Century and enables all children and young people to thrive.
Sue Roffey (2020) Relationships in Education & Inclusive Schools. The Sizzle podcast
Psych Crunch – the podcast from the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest: particularly Ep 24: How Children Learn Through Play
Sue Roffey (2019) School as Family: Education aligned with healthy child development. TEDxNorwichEd.
Adrian Bethune (2020) Can school make you happier?
Rita Pierson (2013) Every kid needs a champion. TED.
Ken Robinson (2010) Changing Education Paradigms. RSA. [<=The link here is to the full 55min talk: below is a neat 12min animated summary]
Rob Houben from Agora school in Roermond, Netherlands, explains why you should forget about teaching and start with what you really know about learning (2019) Read more here.
Hector Escamilla (2019) The Two Most Important Skills for Students. Greater Good Science Center
The Aboriginal Girl’s Circle
- The OECD Learning Compass 2030 is an evolving learning framework that sets out an aspirational vision for the future of education. It provides points of orientation towards the future we want: individual and collective well-being. The metaphor of a learning compass was adopted to emphasise the need for students to learn to navigate by themselves through unfamiliar contexts.
- Edutopia – Dedicated to transforming K-12 education so that all students can acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to thrive in their studies, careers, and adult lives.
- International Positive Education Network (IPEN)
- Growing Great Schools Worldwide
- The Times Education Commission Final Report (2022) Bringing out the Best: How to transform education and unleash the potential of every child – although concentrating only on the UK education system, this landmark report is a widely applicable analysis of good and bad education, why the UK (particularly England) has an education system that is not fit for purpose for the 21st century, and how that could be changed.
- Sue Roffey: Aspire to Wellbeing and Learning for All in Early Years and Primary and Aspire to Wellbeing and Learning for All in Secondary Settings : The Early Years and Primary version is now published, with the Secondary book to follow later on 1 August 2024. More information here.
- The Association of Independent Schools in New South Wales has published a brilliant literature review of what is needed for every school and every child, everywhere.
- Margaret Kern & Michael Wehmeyer (Eds.) (2021) The Palgrave Handbook of Positive Education. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Rich Gilman, Scott Huebner & Michael Furlong (Eds.) (2009) Handbook of Positive Psychology in Schools. Routledge.
- Julia Hardy & Charmian Hobbs (Eds.) (2017) Using qualitative research to hear the voice of children and young people: The work of British educational psychologists. British Psychological Society
- Carmel Proctor (Ed.) (2017) Positive Psychology Interventions in Practice, Springer.
- Alejandro Adler (2016) Teaching Well-Being increases Academic Performance: Evidence From Bhutan, Mexico, and Peru. Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations, 1572.
- Kim Cameron (2019) The Impact of Positive Leadership in Education. Wheatley.
- Vicki Zakrzewski (2021) How Educators Can Help Make a Kinder World. Greater Good Science Center.
Relationships, resilience & behaviour
- Sue Roffey (2011) Changing Behaviour in Schools: Promoting Positive Relationships and Wellbeing. Sage.
- Bill Hansberry (2016) A Practical Introduction to Restorative Practice in Schools: Theory, Skills and Guidance. Jessica Kingsley.
- Kelly-Ann Allen and Christopher Boyle (Eds.) (2018) Pathways to Belonging: Contemporary Research in School Belonging. Brill.
- Kelly-Ann Allen, Dianne Vella-Brodrick & Lea Waters (2016) Fostering School Belonging in Secondary Schools Using a Socio-Ecological Framework. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 33(1), 97-121.
- Smarter Scotland (2013) Better relationships, better learning, better behaviour. Scottish Government.
- Emmy Werner (2005) What can we learn about resilience from large-scale longitudinal studies? In Sam Goldstein & Robert Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children. Springer.
Social & emotional learning
- Joseph Durlak, Roger Weissberg, Allison Dymnicki, Rebecca Taylor, & Kriston Schellinger (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432.
- Joseph Zins, Roger Weissberg, Margaret Wang & Herbert Walberg (2004) Building Academic Success on Social and Emotional Learning: What Does the Research Say? Teachers College Press.
- Neil Humphrey (2013) Social and Emotional Learning: A critical appraisal. Sage.
- Carmel Cefai & Valeria Cavioni (2014) Social and Emotional Education in Primary School: Integrating Theory & Research into Practice. Springer.
- Erica Frydenberg, Andrew Martin & Rebecca Collie (Eds.) (2016) Social and Emotional Learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific. Springer.
Whole school wellbeing
- Denise Quinlan & Lucy Hone (2020) The Educators’ Guide to Whole-school Wellbeing: A Practical Guide to Getting Started, Best-practice Process and Effective Implementation. Routledge.
- Helen Street & Neil Porter (Eds.) (2014) Better Than OK: Helping Young People to Flourish at School and Beyond. Fremantle Press.
- Clare Erasmus (2019) The Mental Health + Wellbeing Handbook for Schools: Transforming Mental Health Support on a Budget. Jessica Kingsley.
- Toni Noble & Helen McGrath (2016) The PROSPER School Pathways for Student Wellbeing: Policy and Practices. Springer.
School environment
- Helen Street (2018) Contextual Wellbeing: Creating Positive Schools from the Inside Out. Wise Solutions.
- Adrian Bethune (2018) Wellbeing in the Primary Classroom: A Practical Guide to Teaching Happiness. Bloomsbury Education.
- Sue Roffey & Jacqueline Barnes (2014) Community change- the complex nature of interventions to promote positive connections. In Felicia Huppert & Cary Cooper (Eds.), Wellbeing: A Complete Reference Guide: Vol 6: Interventions and Policies to Enhance Wellbeing. Wiley-Blackwell
- Ansie Kitching (2010) Conceptualising a relationship-focused approach to the co-construction of enabling school communities. (Thesis).
Pedagogy (teaching and learning)
- John Hattie (2009) Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge.
- Katherine Weare & Adrian Bethune (2021) Implementing Mindfulness in Schools: An Evidence-Based Guide. The Mindfulness Initiative.
- Shiri Lavy (2020) A Review of Character Strengths Interventions in Twenty-First-Century Schools: their Importance and How they can be Fostered. Applied Research Quality Life, 15, 573–596
- Adrian Webb (2019) Meet the school with no classes, no classrooms and no curriculum.
Jacques Delors & 15 others [see below] (1996) Learning: The Treasure Within. UNESCO.
Why and how is education important for wellbeing?
- Center on the Developing Child (2007) InBrief: The Science of Early Childhood Development.
- SDG4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
- PISA (2018) Results (Volume III): What School Life Means for Students’ Lives. OECD
What do we need to learn?
- UNESCO International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century – Jacques Delors, In’am Al Mufti, Isao Amagi, Roberto Carneiro, Fay Chung, Bronislaw Geremek, William Gorham, Aleksandra Kornhauser, Michael Manley, Marisela Padrón Quero, Marie Angélique Savane, Karan Singh, Roberto Stavenhagen, Myong Won Suhr & Zhou Nanzhao (1996) Learning: The Treasure Within. UNESCO.
- OECD (2020)
The fundamental elements of education
The formal curriculum
- The Alice Springs (Mparntwe) Education Declaration: sets out the national vision for education and the commitment of Australian Governments to improving educational outcomes. Mparntwe (pronounced M-ban tua) is the Arrernte name for Alice Springs.
- Sustainable Development Goals
Pedagogy & teaching approaches
- Richard Ryan & Edward Deci (2017) Schools as Contexts for Learning and Social Development. In Richard Ryan & Edward Deci, Self-Determination Theory – Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness (Ch.14). Guildford Press.
- John Hattie (2009) Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge.
The learning environment
- Helen Street (2018) Contextual Wellbeing: Creating Positive Schools from the Inside Out. Wise Solutions.
- Kulvarn Atwal (2019) The Thinking School: Developing a dynamic learning community. John Katt Educational.
An alternative education to build a thriving future
- OECD (2020) OECD Learning Compass 2030
Pasi Sahlberg (2021) Finnish Lessons 3.0: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? (3rd Ed.) Teachers College Press. - Jonathan Cohen (2006) Social, emotional, ethical and academic education: Creating a climate for learning, participation in democracy and well-being. Harvard Educational Review, 76(2), 201-237.
What students need to learn
- Simon Calmar Andersen & Helen Skyt Nielsen (2016) Reading intervention with a growth mindset approach improves children’s skills. PNAS, 113(43), 12 111–12.
- Joseph Zins, Roger Weissberg, Margaret Wang & Herbert Walberg (2004) Building Academic Success on Social and Emotional Learning: What Does the Research Say? Teachers College Press.
- Joseph Durlak, Roger Weissberg, Allison Dymnicki, Rebecca Taylor & Kriston Schellinger (2011) The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432.
- Sue Roffey (2017) The ASPIRE Principles and Pedagogy for the Implementation of Social and Emotional Learning, and the Development of Whole School Well-Being. International Journal of Emotional Education, 9(2), 59–71.
- Lisa Flook, Simon Goldberg, Laura Pinger & Richard Davidson (2015) Promoting pro-social behaviour and self-regulatory skills in pre-school children through a mindfulness-based kindness curriculum. Developmental Psychology, 51(1), 44–51.
- Kimberly Schonert-Reichl & Molly Stewart Lawlor (2010) The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Education Program on Pre-and Early Adolescents’ Well-Being and Social and Emotional Competence. Mindfulness, 1(3) 137–151.
- Katherine Weare & Felicia Huppert (2019) Mindfulness and Education. The Oxford Bibliography.
- Brenda Dobia, Gawaian Bodkin-Andrews, Roberto Parada, Virginia O’Rourke, Shirley Gilbert, Annie Daley & Sue Roffey (2014) Aboriginal Girls Circle: enhancing connectedness and promoting resilience for Aboriginal girls: Final Pilot Report. Western Sydney University.
How students might learn
- Robyn Gillies (2016) Cooperative Learning: Review of Research and Practice. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(3).
- Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (1990) Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. HarperCollins.
- Sue Roffey (2011) Changing Behaviour in Schools: Promoting Positive Relationships and Wellbeing. Sage Education.
- British Psychological Society (2018) The Power: Threat: Meaning Framework.
An optimal environment in which to learn
- Sue Roffey, Christopher Boyle & Kelly-Anne Allen (2019) School Belonging: Why are our students longing to belong to school? Educational & Child Psychology, 36(2) (Editorial).
- Helen Street (2018) Contextual Wellbeing: Creating Positive Schools from the Inside Out. Wise Solutions.
Hope and optimism
- Education Finland (2020) Why Finland – “Finland has a reputation as an education powerhouse thanks to our long track record at the top of international rankings and proven results of our excellent outcomes.”
- Glasgow’s nurturing approach:
- Education Scotland (2019) Inspection of local authorities. How well is Glasgow City Council improving learning, raising attainment and closing the poverty-related attainment gap?
- Education Scotland (updated 2021) Applying Nurture as a Whole School Approach.
- Glasgow City Council (2019) Report on Attendance and Exclusions Comparison of Data – August 2018 to June 2019.